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Author: Don_Jusko, Contributing Editor
| Here you'll see how my youngest students learn how to mix color.
Yellow and magenta make red - magenta and cyan make blue - cyan and yellow make green. |  |
| If you use my crystal based color wheel all color oppositions will make neutral dark colors.
Magenta PV:19 and PR:122 are opposite Thalo Green, they make a very dark neutral that matches the foreground shadows of green objects or magenta objects. I use PR122 because it is a stronger tinting strength than PR19 Rembrandt Rose and is equal to Thalo Green's tinting strength. Red is opposite Cyan (Thalo Blue by Grumbacher is the cleanest cyan I found). You can make a neutral gray by mixing them. I distinguish between the Ult Blue and Cobalt Blue placement on my color triangle which I expanded to a circle. Orange and Cobalt Blue mix neutral and are opposite on a 36 YMC colorwheel. If a compound element makes only two crystals, they will be opposite colors on my color wheel. Each color I talk about has crystals representing the color and it's progression to a natural dark opposition. For more information, you can visit the crystals page on my website. Yellow in the crystal element Wavellite, shows yellow first darkening to brown than blue in a natural color progression. Many crystals show yellow darkening to brown like the Rutile crystal of Titanium, the Annuities crystal, Cassiterite and more. It's this darker color of yellow that mixes with Ultramarine Blue to produce neutral dark. Burnt umber and Ultramarine Blue mix neutral. That is yellow's dark plus Ultramarine Blue's dark. Each of the 36 rim colors becomes darker in ten steps. Black is the eleventh step, the center. LIMONITE is a secondary ore of iron that forms yellow to brown oxides. Brown is dark yellow. About cyan and how it gets darker ALUMINUM in beryl excepts a lot of foreign chromates, just as it does in the corundum and spodumene compounds. Here is an aluminum light trick that is found in aquamarine, light cyan is seen from one direction and deep blue from a 90 degree off angle. Cyan gets darker and becomes Ult Blue, like the sky changes from cyan to ultramarine blue. CALCITE crystal, makes the perfect Cyan color with Copper in the Iceland Spar Crystal, it polarizes to the color Ultramarine Blue. Here is what we know about color theory in a nutshell. 1666, Newton, 1642-1727, England. THEORY, He devised the first color wheel. His theory "Optics" had the right idea, dividing the prism and bringing it back together again. However, I feel he chose the wrong primary colors, magenta and cyan were missing. Magenta doesn't show up in a crystal rainbow spectrum. 1630, COLOR, Bitumen, or Asphaltum was introduced in 1630 and it was to become a very well liked color. They called it the "soup" because of its easy mixing and painting qualities. With so much oil in it, it was a very poor drier and could only be used as a final glaze or it would crack. This was the color that took yellow to brown. The Roman's used this color for awhile, it was re-discovered by the Dutch but recent test show Rembrandt didn't use it. Doerner said his studies say that he did. 1705, COLOR, Bister was a transparent yellow to brown, duel-tone color. It was made from charred beechwood and was mainly a water-color pigment. They knew more about color in 1705 then we knew in 1975. The wars did that, but, we have more and better colors today. We have lost the ability to paint with transparent yellow however. We lost that in 1900 when Indian Yellow Golden and Indian Yellow Brown/Side were banned by Winsor Newton. 1724, Prussian Blue, Germany discovered it in 1704, England said it was theirs, The "Paint War" fuse was lit, England, France and Germany were stealing colors from each other, each claiming discovery. Prussian Blue, a dual-tone transparent color was getting close to cyan in its transparent undertone. It's deep mass color has a black-green quality that makes a dirty purple, but nice greens. Prussian Blue is iron and the gas cyanogen. Heated Prussian Blue made a permanent Prussian Brown. 1800, England, COLOR, Indian Yellow, the best and very permanent transparent yellow was brought to England from India, where it had been used as a pigment for as long as India had cows. The raw product is called Monghyr, magnesium euxanthate natural organic, after a city in Bangal. England made this in oil and kept its ingredients a secret for eighty years. It was in brown to yellow and orange to yellow, two duel-toned colors. 1809, THEORY, Otto Runge - His color wheel has White at the top and Black on bottom, the colors wrap around the middle of the sphere, He also chose the wrong primary colors. Red, Yellow, and Blue opaque plus the pigment Black for shades. 1826, COLOR, Permanent Alizarin was discovered in natural root Madder Lake, the purpurin was subtracted with sulfuric acid. At this point in time artists were ahead of the current theory, using non-fugitive transparent colors. 1859, COLOR, Magenta, the year the named color Magenta was born. It got its name from the location of a battle in Italy even though Magenta is not blood red. It was transparent, which was good, but fugitive, which was bad. It was also called Solferino. 1865, Corot, 1796-1875, French. Painting in "plein air" was in its infancy with Desportes, Carot and Courbet. I like Corot and what he said, "I don't give a damn about Poussin, broad outlines, or the classical, I'm in the woods". It's sort of like living here on Maui. He liked Indian Yellow as a glaze. 1867, V. Perov, ?1867?, Moscow. A founding member of the Circle of Itinerant, Heavy Indian Yellow, genre scenes, and portraits. 1867, Courbet, 1819-1877, France, Switzerland, top painter in France. An accurate realist. Because of all the coming wars starting in 1870, Courbet would be the last good realist, except in Russia and America. With the start of World War I, all art started to crumble. 1868, German. COLOR, Manganese Violet, Manganese Chloride, Phosphoric Acid, and Ammonium Carbonate, permanent cool transparent Magenta. 1870, WAR, Franco-Prussian War 1875, French Realism moved to Switzerland to survive. Courbet. 1885, Dutch, Norwegian, Van Gogh, Munch, Early "Bridge" painters. 1905, THEORY, Albert Munsell. He made an eight color wheel with the wrong oppositions, his triad was lopsided, and he had no Cyan. Next he darkened the colors with Black, mixed them with Gray, and tinted them with White, and numbered them all. This is still taught today. Munsell was the odd one in the color theory bunch, but it was still picked up by the schools.Originally it was eight colors, which meant there were color oppositions but no triad. I just left the Munsell site and you should see the scrambling going on. Munsell knows it has a problem and they are trying to fix the unfixable. Quoting from the Munsell homepage, "Munsell defined hue as "the quality by which we distinguish one color from another." He selected five principle colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple; and five intermediate colors: yellow-red, green-yellow, blue-green, purple-blue, and red-purple; and he arranged these in a wheel measured off in 100 compass points. The rest of the site attempts to include cyan and magenta, two colors Munsell never saw. Even calling blue-green the cyan hue as the RYB color wheel does, the colors are still miss spaced and it doesn't work. In the five, eight or ten color wheels there is no triad. Also, 100 degrees contains no triad. Munsell is now a 10 color wheel, and because it has no triad it has no correct spacing between the colors, it's analogous colors do not mix evenly. Having five primaries wrong is worse than having 3 primaries wrong, but neither is exceptable... 1916, THEORY, The last color wheel (square) of college record was by Church-Ostwald. It has Yellow, Red, Sea Green and Ultramarine Blue at the corners. It made way for the new coal-tar colors, all pigments were replaced by their top-tone matching colors. Naples Yellow, Rubins favorite and artist's favorite for two thousand years, was replaced by a mixture of Zinc and Ocher. Pigments were moving from the Iron Age to the Oil Age. Ostwald had no regard for opacity, or raw pigment content - only the final dried color. This is what today's pigment manufacturers make colors with, the Pigment Color Chart. PV:19 is Magenta. 1912, Synthetic Cubism, Picasso, Gris. 1914-1918, WAR, The First World War. Britain, France, and Russia against Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1934, Mondrian, 1872-1944, French Abstract, straight compartments for color, Red, Yellow, Blue, Black, White and Gray. 1935, England, COLOR, Cyan Blue, Copper Phthalocyanine, alpha crystal or metal free Phthalocyanine, with a metallic atom removed from copper. THIS WAS A MOST IMPORTANT COLOR DISCOVERY, THE INERT PRIMARY BLUE CYAN BLUR TRANSPARENT. 1939, 1945, WAR, WWII In fifty years, painting had gone from realism to naive because of the wars. 1870, Franco-Prussian War. When war's begin, art starts going downhill, as all time has shown. 1914-1918, The First World War. Britain, France, and Russia against Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1939-1945, WWII In 1931 an undeclared war began between Japan and China, while Italy and Germany were also threatening the peace. In 1939 Germany attacked Poland and France and Great Britain declared war. Italy joined in 1940, the United States and the Soviet Union in 1941. The United Nations defeated Italy in 1943 and Germany and Japan in 1945. 1956, Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary. ROYGBIV is given as the correct order of colors in a rainbow, but this was not really a color theory. Again the artist was ahead of the recorder. Indigo as a color is no longer thought of as a cyan hue. Violet will give way to being the color Magenta. Art was at ground zero. Only now are we interested in a new color wheel, because we have new colors we are all using. Well, the transparent cyan and magenta hues aren't exactly new, and neither is transparent yellow (Arsinic to Isoindolin). They are just new to us. My color wheel plots all pigments in a unique way, matching the color progression to dark via the color's element compounds in crystals. Some element crystals only come in two colors and they are opposite colors that match my Real Crystal Color Wheel. Like the lead crystal Pyromorphite making only ultramarine blue and yellow crystals. Mixing yellow and ultramarine blue pigment is the first step of graying either pure rim color. If you add magenta and cyan to the palette of RYB, you would have a good palette, but the RYB colorwheel will offer you no help in finding the correct complements. I hope that a serious look at my crystal colorwheel will open your eyes to experiencing a new adventure with color! |
| Use the correct complement to make darks and add some color to your work.
There are 18 pigments each having an exact opposites to mix neutral darks in my Real Crystal Color Wheel. Here is a great oil palette. 01. Lemon Yellow, 02. Yellow Orange Lake Extra, 03. Cadmium Orange, 04.Cadmium Red Medium Light, 05. Naples Yellow Light, 06. Yellow Brown Lake Extra, 07. Yellow Ocher, 08. Venetian Red, 09. Burnt Sienna, 10. Raw Umber, 11. Ultramarine Blue, 12. Thalo Blue, 13. Purple, 14. Magenta Quinacridone PR122, 15. Cobalt Violet Phosphate, 16. Thalo Green, 17. Burnt Umber, 18. Gamboge These 18 colors are a very complete oil palette, not every one is used every time. Some of these colors can be replaced internally. For instance, Gamboge, Thalo Blue and Quinacridone Magenta will make a neutral Dark, so you can paint a complete painting with only three oil based paints. Magenta PR122 plus Thalo Green make the perfect Neutral Dark for the foreground. Ultramarine Blue plus Burnt Umber makes another perfectly neutral dark, it has a big range of warm and colors on each side of neutral. Thalo Blue with Cadmium Red Medium, a perfect dark to light, neutral gray. This mixture has a very short range of neutral however because of the opaque red. Cobalt Blue and Cadmium Orange make a wide range of grays. Purple and Orange will make an opaque Burnt Sienna. Cadmium Orange, Cadmium Red Medium and Bt. Sienna will make a good opaque Venetian Red. Cadmium Lemon Yellow and Bt. Sienna will make Yellow Ocher. Ultramarine Blue and Bt. Sienna will make Bt. Umber. Cobalt Violet Light Phosphate, [Cool Magenta], and Thalo Blue will make Violet, Purple, Ultramarine Blue, or Azure. Links to a photo pigment chip chart of opposite colors that make a neutral dark, and a photo pigment chip chart matching the Real Color Wheel in pigments is available below. Neutral Mixing Opposition Colors Don's Real Color Wheel More About Don |
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| B i o g r a p h y | |
| My site is all about color, and painting on location :) Don Jusko, I've been an artist all my life, painting from life on Maui since 1976. Color has always been important. It's about accuracy in everything. | |
| E-Mail: djusko@realcolorwheel.com Web Site: http://www.realcolorwheel.com/sitetree.htm | |
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