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Mediums

 
Linseed oil (or stand oil) is used to increase the consistency of the paint on your palette. It should be used sparingly, as it retards drying, and too much of this stuff can cause your paint to yellow over time.

Unless you know what you are doing, use it sparingly, if even at all. If you are just starting out, use paint straight from the tube - you'll be fine. Get a feel for your paints before dabbling with adding additional medium.

Turpenoid is an odorless paint thinner. It is used as a substitute for regular turpentine. This stuff is used to clean your brushes and equipment, and also used to thin the consistency of paint on the palette.
Palette cups are small metal containers used to hold a ready supply of linseed oil and turpentine (or turpenoid). The ones I'm holding up here are smaller, and are designed to clip onto your easel or palette. The larger palette cups are just little metal tins that I bought at (guess where?), The Container Store. They work great for bigger brushes.